Childhood phase is a very crucial phase during which body growth and development occurs along with cognitive and behavioural skills. Shift from healthy habits leads to overall deterioration of the body which affects the physiological process of the body. Under-nutrition, over-nutrition, micronutrient deficiencies and diseases related to malnutrition are a common concern among children under-five years of age (pre-school children). Trends show that both low and high socio-economic conditions equally contribute to malnutrition. Incidences of overweight and obesity have increased along with underweight primarily due to unhealthy consumption of junk food and inactivity towards physical exercise among pre-school children. Overweight during childhood shows high associations with diseases like type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, neurological disorders and emotional stress, whose effects continues during later phases of life. Deficiencies in vitamins and minerals give rise to various diseases which may result in morbidity and mortality. The present paper deals with malnutrition (under-nutrition and over-nutrition), micronutrient deficiencies, diseases, programmes implemented and recommendations among pre-school children (children aged under-five years) in India